New evidence supporting lung cancer screening with low dose CT & surgical implications

IntroductionLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-death worldwide. The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPTSF) approved screening for current or former smokers aged 55–80 based on the results of the National Lung Screening trial (NLST). Following the NLST, new evidence has emerged from clinical trials and updates to previous trials prior to the anticipated update to the USPSTF guideline. We review the new evidence on lung cancer screening with low dose computed tomography (LDCT) and the surgical implications.MethodsA review of new literature was performed pertaining to lung cancer screening since implementation of UPSTF guidelines. Articles for inclusion were identified by both authors’, then search of the Pubmed and Cochrane database was performed from January 1st, 2013 through February 4th, 2020 using the MeSH search terms: “lung cancer”; “screening”; “low dose CT”. The results of these studies are summarized.ResultsWe identified multiple prospective randomized control trials and meta-analysis since the NLST supporting lung cancer-specific mortality with screening. We identified new nodule classification systems and the development of risk-models which may reduce false positive rates and identify high risk patients not currently eligible for screening. Finally, we discussed the surgical implications of screening.ConclusionNew data supports NLST findings and show ongoing benefit to LDCT for lung cancer screening. Standardized LDCT screening classification has been shown to reduce harm and lower false positive rates. Further study is needed regarding use of risk-modeling. Screening will require an increase in the thoracic workforce to accommodate the amount of surgically operable cancers.     

Effects of exercise dose and type during breast cancer chemotherapy on longer-term patient-reported outcomes and health-related fitness: A randomized controlled trial

The Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercise (CARE) Trial compared different types and doses of exercise performed during breast cancer chemotherapy. Here, we report the longer-term follow-up of patient-reported outcomes, health-related fitness and exercise behavior at 6, 12 and 24 months postintervention. A multicenter trial in Canada randomized 301 breast cancer patients initiating chemotherapy to thrice weekly, supervised exercise consisting of a standard dose of 25–30 min of aerobic exercise (STAN; n = 96), a higher dose of 50–60 min of aerobic exercise (HIGH; n = 101) or a combined dose of 50–60 min of aerobic and resistance exercise (COMB; n = 104) performed for the duration of chemotherapy (median of 17 weeks). Primary outcomes were patient-reported outcomes including quality of life, cancer-related symptoms and psychosocial outcomes. Secondary outcomes were objective health-related fitness (assessed at 12 months only) and self-reported exercise behavior. A total of 269 (89.4%) participants completed patient-reported outcomes at all three follow-up time points and 263 (87.4%) completed the health-related fitness assessment at 12-month follow-up. COMB was significantly superior to (i) STAN for sleep quality at 6-month follow-up (p = 0.027); (ii) HIGH for upper body muscular endurance at 12-month follow-up (p = 0.020); and (iii) HIGH for meeting the resistance exercise guideline at 6-month follow-up (p = 0.006). Moreover, self-reported meeting of the combined exercise guideline during follow-up was significantly associated with better patient-reported outcomes and health-related fitness. Performing combined exercise during and after breast cancer chemotherapy may result in better longer-term patient-reported outcomes and health-related fitness compared to performing aerobic exercise alone.     

Polypharmacy among patients with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative systematic review

ABSTRACT

Objectives: The consequences of polypharmacy (intake of ≥ 5 drugs) are diverse, including drug interactions, rising costs and side effects. Risk groups for polypharmacy are multimorbid and chronically ill people, such as patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is the most common neuroimmunological disease in young adults worldwide. We aimed to provide a systematic overview of the current research status regarding frequency and predictors of polypharmacy in MS patients.

Methods: A systematic literature search in the databases PubMed, Cochrane Library and Scopus was carried out according to the PRISMA guidelines. English and German original research articles were included.

Results: Seven studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria of this review, while the research objectives and methods were very heterogenous. The polypharmacy rates in these studies ranged from 15% to 59%. Polypharmacy correlated with comorbidities, increased disability, cognitive deficits, increased hospitalization, higher relapse rate and lower quality of life.

Conclusions: In MS patients, polypharmacy is common and closely associated with health issues. There is a great need for research in this area, especially regarding longitudinal changes in drug utilization. Effective networks between physicians and pharmacists are needed to optimize medication management for patients and to achieve the best possible therapy results.     

薄层色谱法在当前中药质量标准中的应用探讨

薄层色谱鉴别在历版《中国药典》中的应用经历了从无到有、从少到多的过程；而薄层扫描含量测定在最近几版《中国药典》中的应用比例逐渐降低。随着对中药质量标准体系要求的进一步提高，薄层色谱法的不足之处陆续显现，如仪器普及率低、设备并不简单、结果重复性和稳定性较差、鉴别速度及准确性不及高效液相色谱法、展开剂毒性大等，逐渐不合时宜。在制定中药质量标准时，研究者不应该墨守成规，薄层色谱鉴别也不应该是雷打不动的定性鉴别必备选项。高效液相色谱法具备完全取代薄层色谱法的可行性，薄层色谱法可作为高效液相色谱法的补充。为充分降低检测成本、缩短检测周期、提高鉴别效率，笔者建议中药质量标准体系应该大幅减少薄层色谱鉴别方法的应用，增加高效液相特征图谱鉴定，尽量做到“一个条件，一张图谱”；除非确有必要，《中国药典》等国家质量标准体系应将薄层色谱鉴别作为推荐方法，而非强制标准。     

卒中溶栓绿色通道优化研究及实施效果分析

目的探讨卒中溶栓绿色通道的构建、整改对发病到实施溶栓的时间（onset to treatment time,OTT）、院内溶栓时间（door to needle time，DNT）、临床疗效及预后的影响。 方法收集通过绿色通道溶栓患者118例的临床资料，以时间为界分为对照组57例和观察组61例。比较2组OTT、DNT、DNT≤60 min比率、临床疗效、并发症发生情况、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评分、Barthel指数（Barthel index，BI）评分、改良Rankin量表（Modified Rankin Scale,mRS）评分等。 结果观察组OTT、DNT短于对照组，DNT≤60 min比例高于对照组（P＜0.01）。经过溶栓治疗72 h后，观察组临床疗效优于对照组，总有效率高于对照组（P＜0.01）。2组总并发症发生率和病死率差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。2组NIHSS评分均呈逐渐降低趋势，观察组NIHSS评分低于对照组，组间、时点间、组间·时点间交互作用差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。2组BI评分均呈逐渐升高趋势，观察组BI评分高于对照组，组间、时点间、组间·时点间交互作用差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。治疗3个月以后，观察组mRS评分明显低于对照组，≤2分比例高于对照组（P＜0.01）。 结论卒中溶栓绿色通道的建立，能够显著缩短OTT、DNT，提高临床疗效，减轻残障程度，取得良好的社会效益。     

对确保中医古籍编校质量的思考

中医药的发展离不开对中医古籍的研读,高质量中医古籍的整理出版至关重要。中医药图书编辑要做好中医古籍出版工作并确保图书编校质量,必须高度重视体现古籍整理原则和方法的辅文,并且具备相当的古代汉语基础、扎实的医学知识及丰富的中国古代文化知识。     

益母草制剂的开发与应用

益母草制剂在临床中应用广泛,主要用于多种妇产科疾病的治疗,且效果显著。其中,益母草注射剂、益母草颗粒、益母草片是临床上最常见的益母草剂型,其有效性和安全性在长期的临床实践中得到认可。本论文结合项目组对益母草制剂的二次开发研究思路,对上述具有代表性的益母草制剂的制剂工艺、质量控制和临床应用进行介绍,以期为益母草制剂的现代研究和临床安全应用提供一定的参考。     

品管圈在植入式静脉输液港患者护理中的应用

目的探讨品管圈在植入式静脉输液港(IVAP)患者护理中的应用。方法选取本院2018年10月-2018年12月IVAP患者30例作为对照组,2019年1月-2019年3月品管圈活动干预后IVAP患者30例作为观察组。对照组采用常规护理措施,观察组采用品管圈活动干预后的护理措施。比较两组IVAP患者并发症的发生率和对护理工作的满意度。结果观察组导管堵塞1例;并发症发生率为3.33%(1/30)。对照组感染4例,血栓2例,导管堵塞4例;并发症发生率为33.33%(10/30)。观察组并发症发生率低于对照组(P <0.05)。观察组对优质服务、技术水平、关怀、出院指导、护理总满意度评分分别为(42.39±5.27)分、(31.49±4.32)分、(22.25±4.69)分、(20.26±4.91)分、(112.24±10.38)分;对照组分别为(38.65±4.91)分、(28.68±4.26)分、(19.96±4.30)分、(19.94±4.63)分、(103.37±10.12)分;观察组对优质服务、技术水平、关怀、出院指导、护理总满意度评分均高于对照组(P <0.05)。结论通过品管圈活动干预后的护理措施明显降低IVAP患者并发症的发生率,提高患者对护理工作的满意度。